How Universities Can Use AI Chatbots to Connect with Students and Drive Success

The authors found that chatbots are used for health and well-being advocacy, language learning, and self-advocacy. Chatbots are either flow-based or powered by AI, concerning approaches to their designs. Additionally, tutoring chatbots provide personalized learning experiences, attracting more applicants to educational institutions. Moreover, they contribute to higher learner retention rates, thereby amplifying the success of establishments. To summarize, incorporating AI chatbots in education brings personalized learning for students and time efficiency for educators. However, concerns arise regarding the accuracy of information, fair assessment practices, and ethical considerations.

More and more often, companies are deciding to introduce bot applications into their marketing strategies because they allow for delivering personalized and consistent brand experiences. Long term, that translates into better brand https://chat.openai.com/ perception and more sales. The same can be said for updating your custom-made chatbot or correcting its mistakes. If you’re unsure whether using an AI agent would benefit your business, test an already available platform first.

Copilt works best with the Microsoft Edge browser or Windows operating system. It uses OpenAI technologies combined with proprietary systems to retrieve live data from the web. Microsoft Copilot is an AI assistant infused with live web search results from Bing Search. Copilot represents the leading brand of Microsoft’s AI products, but you have probably heard of Bing AI (or Bing Chat), which uses the same base technologies. Copilot extends to multiple surfaces and is usable on its own landing page, in Bing search results, and increasingly in other Microsoft products and operating systems.

Likewise, it was deemed necessary due to the nature of the project, which involves design. Lastly, teamwork perception was defined as students’ perception of how well they performed as a team to achieve their learning goals. According to Hadjielias et al. (2021), the cognitive state of teams involved in digital innovations is usually affected by the task involved within the innovation stages. Nevertheless, enhancing such skills is often time-consuming, and teachers are usually not mentally prepared to take up a designer’s (Kim, 2021) or programmer’s role. The solution may be situated in developing code-free chatbots (Luo & Gonda, 2019), especially via MIM (Smutny & Schreiberova, 2020).

Firstly, it aims to investigate the current knowledge and opinions of language teacher candidates regarding App-Integrated Chatbots (AICs). Secondly, it seeks to measure their level of satisfaction with four specific AICs after a 1-month intervention. Lastly, it aims to evaluate their perspectives on the potential advantages and drawbacks of AICs in language learning as future educators. I believe the most powerful learning moments happen beyond the walls of the classroom and outside of the time boxes of our course schedules.

Everyone wants smooth and quick ways and helping your students get the same will increase conversions. Therefore, it is important to design a course that has minimal fees, but many things to offer. If you are offering some rare courses at pocket-friendly prices, more students are expected to join.

What inspired you to explore the potential pedagogical usefulness of bots?

There’s also a Fitness & Meditation Coach who is well-liked for health tips. YouChat gives sources for its answers, which is helpful for research and checking facts. It uses information from trusted sources and offers links to them when users ask questions. YouChat also provides short bits of information and important facts to answer user questions quickly. Chatsonic has long been a customer favorite and has innovated at every step. It has all the basic features you’d expect from a competitive chatbot while also going about writing use cases in a helpful way.

The authors identified that several evaluation methods such as surveys, experiments, and evaluation studies measure acceptance, motivation, and usability. Concerning their interaction style, the conversation with chatbots can be chatbot or user-driven (Følstad et al., 2018). Chatbot-driven conversations are scripted and best represented as linear flows with a limited number of branches that rely upon acceptable user answers (Budiu, 2018).

Chatbot interaction is achieved by applying text, speech, graphics, haptics, gestures, and other modes of communication to assist learners in performing educational tasks. Modern AI chatbots now use natural language understanding (NLU) to discern the meaning of open-ended user input, overcoming anything from typos to translation issues. Advanced AI tools then map that meaning to the specific “intent” the user wants the chatbot to act upon and use conversational AI to formulate an appropriate response. These AI technologies leverage both machine learning and deep learning—different elements of AI, with some nuanced differences—to develop an increasingly granular knowledge base of questions and responses informed by user interactions. This sophistication, drawing upon recent advancements in large language models (LLMs), has led to increased customer satisfaction and more versatile chatbot applications. They play pivotal roles to respond user inquiries, providing personalized learning support, delivering feedback, assist with administrative tasks in educational settings.

A strategic plan is essential to organize and present this data through the chatbot without overwhelming the user. We have extensive information on chatbot-related topics, such as how to automate contact information collection and how to maximize customer service potential. It is a superfast virtual agent that can accurately reply to customer inquiries. To ensure this, you only need to make sure you train it with your knowledge sources, such as course catalogs and syllabi, policies and procedures. “With many institutions offering similar programs, such as the numerous universities in Malaysia presenting executive MBAs (Master of Business Administration), acquiring customers becomes a challenge. Chatbots emerge as crucial tools for efficiently managing inquiries and standing out in the competitive field”, he added.

Remember to take the lead when using chatbots for team projects, making your own choices while incorporating the helpful and discarding what is not. Metacognitive skills can help students understand how learning works, increase awareness of gaps in their learning, and lead them to develop study techniques (Santascoy, 2021). Stanford has academic skills coaches that support students in developing metacognitive and other skills, but you might also integrate metacognitive activities into your courses with the assistance of an AI chatbot. For example, you and your students could use a chatbot to reflect on their experience working on a group project or to reflect on how to improve study habits. We advise that you practice metacognitive routines first, before using a chatbot, so that you can compare results and use the chatbot most effectively.

In our study, the primary focus was on evaluating language teacher candidates’ perceptions of AICs in language learning, rather than assessing language learning outcomes. Considering that the majority of participants possessed an upper intermediate (B2-C1) or advanced (C2) proficiency level, the distinction between native and non-native speakers was not deemed a crucial factor for this research. Subsequently, a statistical analysis was conducted to evaluate the impact of language nativeness (Spanish and Czech versus non-Spanish and non-Czech speakers), revealing no significant differences in the study’s outcomes. Furthermore, the evaluations of the AICs by both Spanish and Czech cohorts displayed similar results.

Additionally, investing in research and development to enhance AI chatbot capabilities and address identified concerns is crucial for a seamless integration into educational systems. Researchers are strongly encouraged to fill the identified research gaps through rigorous studies that delve deeper into the impact of chatbots on education. Exploring the long-term effects, optimal integration strategies, and addressing ethical considerations should take the forefront in research initiatives. Renowned brands such as Duolingo and Mondly are employing these AI bots creatively, enhancing learner engagement and facilitating faster comprehension of concepts. These educational chatbots play a significant role in revolutionizing the learning experience and communication within the education sector.

Banking chatbots are increasingly gaining prominence as they offer an array of benefits to both banks and customers alike. REVE education chatbot represents a powerful tool for educational institutions seeking to modernize and optimize student support services. With an education chatbot, you can personalize assistance and round-the-clock availability.

Chatbots offer efficiency, accuracy, and consistency in administrative operations, scheduling appointments, and processing paperwork. With higher education chatbots, you can track engagement metrics, assess learning patterns, and analyze performance trends. Undeniably, Chatbots offer a multitude of advantages, making them an indispensable tool for modernizing and optimizing various aspects of the educational experience. Firstly, chatbots provide immediate and personalized support to students.

Example feedback is such as “I learn to push myself more and commit to the project’s success.” Nevertheless, in both groups, all the trends are almost similar. The instruments were rated based on the Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) and administered using Google Forms for both groups. Where else, learning performance was assessed based on the assessment of the project, which includes report, product, presentation, and peer-to-peer assessment.

Participants and context

Not all chatbots are equipped with artificial intelligence (AI), but modern chatbots increasingly use conversational AI techniques such as natural language processing (NLP) to understand user questions and automate responses to them. One of the key benefits of chatbots in educational institutions is their cost-effectiveness and scalability. Once developed and implemented, chatbots can handle a wide range of tasks and interactions with minimal ongoing costs. Table 7 provides a summary of the primary advantages and drawbacks of each AIC, along with their correlation to the items in the CHISM model, which are indicated in parentheses. The language proficiency of the students aligned with the upper intermediate (B2) and advanced (C1) levels as defined by the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), while some participants were at the native speaker (C2) level.

For instance, if trainees were absent, the bot could send notes of lectures or essential reminders, to keep them informed while they’re not present. This efficiency contributes to a more enriching learning experience, consequently attracting more students. Digital assistants offer continuous support and guidance to all trainees, regardless of time zones or schedules. This constant accessibility allows learners to seek support, access resources, and engage in activities at their convenience. This article sheds light on such tools, exploring their wide-ranging capabilities, limitations, and significant impact on the learning landscape.

Only two articles partially addressed the interaction styles of chatbots. For instance, Winkler and Söllner (2018) classified the chatbots as flow or AI-based, while Cunningham-Nelson et al. (2019) categorized the chatbots as machine-learning-based or dataset-based. In this study, we carefully look at the interaction style in terms of who is in control of the conversation, i.e., the chatbot or the user. As such, we classify the interactions as either chatbot or user-driven.

It also has a growing automation and workflow platform that makes creating new marketing and sales collateral easier when needed. Chatsonic is the sister product that lets users chat with its AI instead of only using it for writing. The whole platform has gotten a lot of attention because it has a huge user base and is backed by Y Combinator. Like Jasper, the entire platform is worth using, and its chatbot solution is undoubtedly worth a try. This way, the chatbot can generate leads even after the sales team has packed up and gone home.

Constituting 5% (2/40) of the articles, teaching tips offer valuable insights into effective educational strategies [34,55]. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), considered the gold standard in experimental design, constituted 5% (2/40) of the articles [42,62]. Experimental design, symbolizing systematic investigation, was embodied in 3% (1/40) of the articles [31].

By streamlining routine activities, chatbots help pedagogues focus on delivering high-quality knowledge and monitoring attendees’ progress. Educational chatbots serve as personal assistants, offering individual guidance to everyone. Through intelligent tutoring systems, these models analyze responses, learning patterns, and overall performance, fostering tailored teaching. Bots are particularly beneficial for neurodivergent people, as they address individual comprehension disabilities and adapt study plans accordingly.

Teachers and learners’ views on the use of AICs for language learning

Therefore, it is important to have a systematic course schedule designed keeping in mind the time set and availability of the teachers. Have a look at all its various uses and design your educational bots accordingly. I sat in on a ChatGPT workshop this month for teachers at Walla Walla High School, about 270 miles southeast of Seattle. As a reporter who covers education technology, I have closely followed how generative artificial intelligence has upended education.

Other chatbots acted as intelligent tutoring systems, such as Oscar (Latham et al., 2011), used for teaching computer science topics. Moreover, other web-based chatbots such as EnglishBot (Ruan et al., 2021) help students learn a foreign language. Chatbots, also known as conversational agents, enable the interaction of humans with computers through natural language, by applying the technology of natural language processing (NLP) (Bradeško & Mladenić, 2012). In fact, the size of the chatbot market worldwide is expected to be 1.23 billion dollars in 2025 (Kaczorowska-Spychalska, 2019).

The participation of United States and South Korea is notable, and Taiwan province has the largest share, accounting for 20% (8/40) of all articles. This regional perspective highlights the universal nature of adding chatbots to nursing education. As the research methodology analysis reveals, reviews cover 20% (8/40) of the articles, providing exhaustive summaries of the present literature. A diverse range of designs that includes commentaries, quasi-experimental studies, teaching tips, and RCTs explains the extensive and varied research on chatbots in nursing education.

Some chatbots have options to opt out of sharing data which are described in the terms of service. Apple, for one, would benefit from offering users access to an advanced AI chatbot. All told, the five chatbots answered incorrectly 27 percent of the time. Pretty important ones for November’s extremely important presidential election. Each character has their own unique personality, memories, interests, and way of talking.

Likewise, ECs can also be used purely for administrative purposes, such as delivering notices, reminders, notifications, and data management support (Chocarro et al., 2021). Moreover, it can be a platform to provide standard information such as rubrics, learning resources, and contents (Cunningham-Nelson et al., 2019). According to Meyer von Wolff et al (2020), chatbots are a suitable instructional tool for higher education and student are acceptive towards its application.

Mini reviews, furnishing concise overviews, comprised 3% (1/40) of the articles [65]. Descriptive qualitative studies, concentrating on detailed exploration, accounted for 3% (1/40) of the articles [40]. Experimental studies, engaging in controlled testing, made up 3% (1/40) of the articles [43].

Moreover, both classes were also managed through the institution’s learning management system to distribute notes, attendance, and submission of assignments. Subsequently, motivational beliefs are reflected by perceived self-efficacy and intrinsic values students have towards their cognitive engagement and academic performance (Pintrich & de Groot, 1990). According to Pintrich et al. (1993), self-efficacy and intrinsic value strongly correlate with task value (Eccles & Wigfield, 2002), such as interest, enjoyment, and usefulness. Ensuing, the researcher also considered creative self-efficacy, defined as the students’ belief in producing creative outcomes (Brockhus et al., 2014). Prior research has not mentioned creativity as a learning outcome in EC studies. However, according to Pan et al. (2020), there is a positive relationship between creativity and the need for cognition as it also reflects individual innovation behavior.

• Expanding on the necessity for improved customization in AICs, the integration of different features can be proposed to enhance chatbot-human personalization (Belda-Medina et al., 2022).
• In this article, we’ll explore some of the best use cases and real-life examples of chatbots in education.
• The teaching agent simply mimics a tutor by presenting scenarios to be discussed with students.
• In general, most desktop-based chatbots were built in or before 2013, probably because desktop-based systems are cumbersome to modern users as they must be downloaded and installed, need frequent updates, and are dependent on operating systems.
• Harper Collins, the world-leading book publisher, uses the Epic Reads chatbot to help their community members find another book to read.
• By comprehending student sentiments, these chatbots help educators modify and enhance their teaching practices, creating better learning experiences.

The Explain My Answer option provides learners with an opportunity to delve deeper into their responses. By selecting a button following specific exercise types, users engage in a chat with Duo, receiving a concise explanation about their answers. Involving AI assistants in administrative tasks raises the overall efficiency of educational institutions, reducing wait times for students. This efficiency contributes to higher satisfaction levels among educatee and staff, positively impacting the institution’s credibility. Digital assistants address queries and exchange information regarding lectures, assignments, or events. Furthermore, institutions leveraging chatbots witness higher conversion rates, thereby contributing to overall success.

China’s race to tech supremacy: Chatbots & chips

Moreover, chatbots have the scalability to accommodate large student populations without compromising the quality of service. This personalized approach optimizes learning outcomes and empowers students to take ownership of their educational journey. In this blog post, we’ll explore the key benefits of chatbots in education, and why it is worth investment. CSUNny was and is monitored by humans and can direct students to those humans to answer questions it cannot. But one special power of chatbots seems to be that they’re close enough to human to forge a bond with students, yet not human enough to make them uncomfortable.

The SD values show a similar level of variation in the weekly interaction hours across all four AICs for both Spanish and Czech participants, suggesting a comparable spread of interaction frequencies within each group. Similar success was found by Georgia State University, one of the first institutions to use a chatbot with the stated goal of reducing summer melt by staying in contact with students when they were away from campus. Pounce, Georgia State’s chatbot, reduced summer melt by 22 percent and has continued to evolve since then. In 2021, Pounce was offered to a group of political science students to remind them of upcoming exams, assignment deadlines and more.

You can acquire the information gathered and work on future finances accordingly. However, different education sectors use educational chatbots differently. AI chatbots serve as confidential platforms for students to seek counseling and mental health support.

You can start with a free trial and later upgrade to the plan that best suits your business needs. Let’s see why chatbots are becoming so popular in the education industry. Roleplay enables users to hone their conversational abilities by engaging with virtual characters.

By leveraging artificial intelligence development solutions, they are transforming the way students learn and interact with educational content.educational content. None of the articles explicitly relied on usability heuristics and guidelines in designing the chatbots, though some authors stressed a few usability principles such as consistency and subjective satisfaction. Further, none of the articles discussed or assessed a distinct personality of the chatbots though research shows that chatbot personality affects users’ subjective satisfaction. Concerning the design principles behind the chatbots, slightly less than a third of the chatbots used personalized learning, which tailored the educational content based on learning weaknesses, style, and needs.

Follow this step-to-step guide to enable chatbot Q&A for intended users, e.g., students or instructors. Therefore, it was hypothesized that using ECs could improve learning outcomes, and a quasi-experimental design comparing EC and traditional (CT) groups were facilitated, as suggested by Wang et al. (2021), to answer the following research questions. Conversely, it may provide an opportunity to promote mental health (Dekker et al., 2020) as it can be reflected as a ‘safe’ environment to make mistakes and learn (Winkler & Söllner, 2018). Furthermore, ECs can be operated to answer FAQs automatically, manage online assessments (Colace et al., 2018; Sandoval, 2018), and support peer-to-peer assessment (Pereira et al., 2019). Consider asking the chatbot to take on a particular perspective or identity. Remember to read the terms of service of the tool when deciding to access it.

Chatbot era is beginning, I wanted to ask administrators and educators how their thinking had evolved since last spring. Walla Walla, a district that serves some 5,500 students, seemed like a timely location to begin the conversation. After blocking student access to ChatGPT in February, Walla Walla administrators told me they unblocked it last month and are now embracing A.I. These chatbots assess students’ skills, interests, and career goals to offer personalized advice and recommendations. Chatbots guide students through every step of the career planning process, helping them make informed decisions and transition smoothly into the workforce.

It turned out that the students were engaged more than half of the time while using BookBuddy. In this approach, the agent acts as a novice and asks students to guide them along a learning route. Rather than directly contributing to the learning process, motivational agents serve as companions to students and encourage positive behavior and learning (Baylor, 2011). An agent could serve as a teaching or peer agent and a motivational one. In the context of chatbots for education, effectiveness is commonly measured by the reduction in response times, improvement in student satisfaction scores and the volume of successfully resolved queries. While the benefits of chatbots in education are significant, there are challenges to consider.

Based on a mixed-method quasi-experimental approach, ECs were found to improve learning performance and teamwork with a practical impact. Moreover, it was found that ECs facilitated collaboration among team members that indirectly influenced their ability to perform as a team. Nevertheless, affective-motivational learning outcomes such as perception of learning, need for cognition, motivation, and creative self-efficacy were not influenced by ECs. Henceforth, this study aims to add to the current body of knowledge on the design and development of EC by introducing a new collective design strategy and its pedagogical and practical implications. In our study, the term ‘perceptions’ is defined, following Chuah and Kabilan’s approach (2021), as users’ attitudes and opinions towards their interactions with chatbots in education.

The adaptability of chatbots caters to diverse learning styles, ensuring inclusivity in education [23]. Despite these advantages, few studies investigate the integration, development, and feasibility of chatbots within nursing education. Addressing these gaps in the existing literature would significantly benefit the field of education.

Due to the lack of original studies, it does not show the characteristics of papers included in the final analysis. Second, there is uncertainty about whether the specific research topics related to chatbots in nursing education are consistent Chat GPT between countries. Third, there is a lack of in-depth quantitative exploration and discussion regarding the specific application directions of chatbots in nursing education, preventing the formulation of more constructive recommendations.

In 1992, Creative Labs, a technology company based in Singapore, developed Dr. Sbaitso. They wanted to show the digitized voices their cards were able to produce. Connect the right data, at the right time, to the right people anywhere. IBM Consulting brings deep industry and functional expertise across HR and technology to co-design a strategy and execution plan with you that works best for your HR activities. It’s true as student sentiments prove to be most valuable when it comes to reviewing and upgrading your courses.

Firstly, Kearney et al. (2009) explained that in homogenous teams (as investigated in this study), the need for cognition might have a limited amount of influence as both groups are required to be innovative simultaneously in providing project solutions. Lapina (2020) added that problem-based learning and solving complex problems could improve the need for cognition. Hence, when both classes had the same team-based educational chatbots project task, the homogenous nature of the sampling may have attributed to the similarities in the outcome that overshadowed the effect of the ECs. Equally, for motivational belief, which is the central aspect needed to encourage strategic learning behavior (Yen, 2018). Conversely, Garcia Brustenga et al. (2018) categorized ECs based on eight tasks in the educational context as described in Table 1.

However, a noticeable upswing occurred in 2021, with the publication of 3 (8%) articles. The most notable surge transpired in 2023, with the publication of 28 articles, accounting for a substantial 70% of the total publications (Figure 2). Their AI agent conducts a short survey with every user to find out what might interest them and recommends titles matching their preferences. By supporting prospects, the company helps book lovers make decisions and builds positive relationships with them. Harper Collins, the world-leading book publisher, uses the Epic Reads chatbot to help their community members find another book to read. Unless you decide to build custom features or integrations, you can only operate within the platform’s scope.

AI – the new normal is reviving the way businesses work and communicate with their customers. They are helping revolutionize education without hampering its quality and dignity. With a shift towards online education and EdTech platforms, course queries and fee structure is what many people look for. However, no one has enough time to convey all the related information, and here comes the role of a chatbot. Educational institutions often face the challenge of accommodating large student populations while maintaining high-quality education and support services.

Artificial intelligence chatbots need to be well-trained and equipped with predefined responses to get started. However, as they learn from past conversations, they don’t need to be updated manually later. These virtual assistants can be playfully compared to movie actors because, just like them, they always stick to the script. Rule-based bots provide answers based on a set of if/then rules that can vary in complexity. Any software simulating human conversation, whether powered by traditional, rigid decision tree-style menu navigation or cutting-edge conversational AI, is a chatbot.

It’s perfect for people creating content for the internet that needs to be optimized for SEO. Here’s a look at all our featured chatbots to see how they compare in pricing. You.com is great for people who want an easy and natural way to search the internet and find information. It’s an excellent tool for those who prefer a simple and intuitive way to explore the internet and find information. It benefits people who like information presented in a conversational format rather than traditional search result pages. Microsoft was one of the first companies to provide a dedicated chat experience (well before Google’s Gemini and Search Generative Experiment).

Take this 5-minute assessment to find out where you can optimize your customer service interactions with AI to increase customer satisfaction, reduce costs and drive revenue. At Kommunicate, we are envisioning a world-beating customer support solution to empower the new era of customer support. We would love to have you on board to have a first-hand experience of Kommunicate. Planning and curating online tests and automating the assessment can help you to easily fill in the scoreboards and provide the progress report regularly. While some courses may end up in a week, others may take a month or two. Also, educators can’t take a class regularly and focus on the faster completion of the courses.

Duolingo has some famous and charming characters, including Chef Roberto, Renee the driver, and officer Ada, while Mongoose invites you to delve deep into its life by introducing itself as a humanoid, ready to help you always. He strongly believes that businesses will be able to understand their customers better and ultimately create more meaningful relationships with them. Both authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. You can foun additiona information about ai customer service and artificial intelligence and NLP. The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due privacy reasons but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

For example, an e-commerce company could deploy a chatbot to provide browsing customers with more detailed information about the products they’re viewing. The HR department of an enterprise organization might ask a developer to find a chatbot that can give employees integrated access to all of their self-service benefits. Software engineers might want to integrate an AI chatbot directly into their complex product. Reduce costs and boost operational efficiency

Staffing a customer support center day and night is expensive. Likewise, time spent answering repetitive queries (and the training that is required to make those answers uniformly consistent) is also costly. Many overseas enterprises offer the outsourcing of these functions, but doing so carries its own significant cost and reduces control over a brand’s interaction with its customers.

AI tutors have been assisting students since at least 2016, and university-branded chatbots have been around just as long. University chatbots took on even greater importance during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, when reinforcing any kind of connection between students and their campus was a major challenge. At last, we could have missed articles that report an educational chatbot that could not be found in the selected search databases. To deal with this risk, we searched manually to identify significant work beyond the articles we found in the search databases.

• Qualitative data, obtained from in-class discussions and assessment reports submitted through the Moodle platform, were systematically coded and categorized using QDA Miner.
• In comparison, chatbots used to teach languages received less attention from the community (6 articles; 16.66%;).
• It has all the basic features you’d expect from a competitive chatbot while also going about writing use cases in a helpful way.
• These represent a dynamic fusion of artificial intelligence (AI) and education.

Bing Chat, an AI chatbot developed by Microsoft, also uses the GPT large language model. Sign in to a Microsoft Edge account to allow longer conversations with Bing Chat. The process of organizing your knowledge, teaching it to someone, and responding to that person reinforces your own learning on that topic (Carey, 2015). You can incorporate this technique into your course in a number of ways. Note that AI chatbots can serve as a convenient stand-in for a student. For example, you might prompt a chatbot to act as a novice learner and ask you questions about a topic.

It was also able to learn from its interactions with users, which made it more and more sophisticated over time. In 2011 Apple introduced Siri as a voice-activated personal assistant for its iPhone (Aron, 2011). Although not strictly a chatbot, Siri showcased the potential of conversational AI by understanding and responding to voice commands, performing tasks, and providing information. In the same year, IBM’s Watson gained fame by defeating human champions in the quiz show Jeopardy (Lally & Fodor, 2011). It demonstrated the power of natural language processing and machine learning algorithms in understanding complex questions and providing accurate answers.